When something spins, like a planet as it rotates, things on the outer edge have to move faster than things on the inside to keep up. This is true for anything that spins, like a wheel, a DVD, or a fan. Things along the edge have to travel the farthest and fastest. Along the equator of a planet, a circle half way between the north and south poles, gravity is holding the edges in but, as it spins, stuff wants to spin out like mud flying off a tire. Saturn and Jupiter are really big and spinning really fast but gravity still manages to hold them together.
That's why they bulge in the middle. We call the extra width the equatorial bulge. Saturn bulges the most of all the planets in our solar system. If you compare the diameter from pole to pole to the diameter along the equator, it's not the same.
Saturn is Jupiter is 6. Instead of being perfectly round like marbles, they are like basketballs squished down while someone sits on them. Earth and Mars are small and don't spin around as fast as the gas giants. They aren't perfect spheres, but they are rounder than Saturn and Jupiter. In other words, the giant planet radiates nearly twice as much energy as it receives from the Sun, and almost half of the total energy that Jupiter loses must come from its interior.
That essentially meant that the planet had to be unexpectedly hot inside. According to the widely accepted nebular hypothesis, the Sun and planets formed together during the collapse of a rotating interstellar cloud called the solar nebula. Further out, the planets formed out of a whirling disk of the same material.
If the nebular hypothesis is correct, and the whole solar system originated at the same time, then you might expect Jupiter to have a similar chemical composition to the Sun. To a first approximation, the abundance of the elements in the giant planet does indeed mimic that of the Sun, with a predominance of the lightest element hydrogen. It is the most abundant element in most stars, in interstellar space, and in the entire Universe. The second most abundant element in both Jupiter and the Sun is helium, and hydrogen and helium together account for the low mean mass density of both objects, at 1, and 1, kilograms per cubic meter respectively.
Observations with even a small telescope show that Jupiter is not a sphere. After majoring in physics, Kevin Lee began writing professionally in when, as a software developer, he also created technical articles for the Johnson Space Center.
Today this urban Texas cowboy continues to crank out high-quality software as well as non-technical articles covering a multitude of diverse topics ranging from gaming to current affairs.
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